Quantum Dot Nanomedicine Formulations Dramatically Improve Pharmacological Properties and Alter Uptake Pathways of Metformin and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Aging Mice

Orally administered Ag2S quantum dots (QDs) rapidly cross the small intestine and are taken up by liver. Metformin nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) target metabolic aging processes within This study examined pharmacology toxicology of QD-based nanomedicines as carriers metformin NMN in young old mice, determining if their therapeutic potency reduced effects associated with could be improved. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that QD-conjugated have greater bioavailability, selective accumulation liver following oral administration compared to unconjugated formulations. Pharmacodynamic data showed medicines had increased physiological, metabolic, cellular formulations (25× metformin; 100× NMN) highlighted a shift peak induction of, response to, glucose tolerance testing. Two weeks treatment low-dose QD-NMN (0.8 mg/kg/day) improved tests (3 months) whereas (18 24 mice fasting fed insulin levels resistance. High-dose (80 improvements but not mice. After 100 days QD (320 μg/kg/day) treatment, there was no evidence necrosis, fibrosis, inflammation, or accumulation. pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic properties increasing potency, bypassing classical uptake pathways, efficacy when drug alone ineffective